A Short History of the Architecture Profession

Architecture was not always thought of as a profession. The architect was the person who could build structures that didnt fall down. In fact, the word architect comes from the Greek word for chief carpenter, architektÃ… n.  In the United States, architecture as a licensed profession changed in 1857. Before the 1800s, any talented and skilled person could become an architect through reading, apprenticeship, self-study, and admiration of the current ruling class. Ancient Greek and Roman rulers picked out the engineers whose work would make them look good. The great Gothic cathedrals in Europe were built by masons, carpenters, and other artisans and tradesmen. Over time, wealthy, educated aristocrats became key designers. They achieved their training informally, without established guidelines or standards. Today we consider these early builders and designers as architects: Vitruvius The Roman builder Marcus Vitruvius Pollio is often cited as the first architect. As chief engineer for Roman rulers such as Emperor Augustus, Vitruvius documented building methods and acceptable styles to be used by governments. His three principles of architecture—firmitas, utilitas, venustas—are used as models of what architecture should be even today. Palladio The famous Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio apprenticed as a stonecutter. He learned about the Classical Orders from scholars of ancient Greece and Rome—when Vitruvius De Architectura is translated, Palladio embraces ideas of symmetry and proportion. Wren Sir Christopher Wren, who designed some of Londons most important buildings after the Great Fire of 1666, was a mathematician and scientist. He educated himself through reading, travel, and meeting other designers. Jefferson When the American statesman Thomas Jefferson designed Monticello and other important buildings, he had learned about architecture through books by Renaissance masters like Palladio and Giacomo da Vignola. Jefferson also sketched his observations of Renaissance architecture when he was Minister to France. During the 1700 and 1800s, prestigious art academies like École des Beaux-Arts provided training in architecture with an emphasis on the Classical Orders. Many important architects in Europe and the American colonies received some of their education at École des Beaux-Arts. However, architects were not required to enroll in the Academy or any other formal educational program. There were no required exams or licensing regulations. The Influence of the AIA In the United States, architecture evolved as a highly organized profession when a group of prominent architects, including  Richard Morris Hunt, launched the AIA (American Institute of Architects). Founded on February 23, 1857, the AIA aspired to promote the scientific and practical perfection of its members and elevate the standing of the profession. Other founding members included Charles Babcock, H. W. Cleaveland, Henry Dudley, Leopold Eidlitz, Edward Gardiner, J. Wrey Mould, Fred A. Petersen, J. M. Priest, Richard Upjohn, John Welch, and Joseph C. Wells. Americas earliest AIA architects established their careers during turbulent times. In 1857 the nation was on the brink of Civil War and, after years of economic prosperity, America plunged into depression in the Panic of 1857. The American Institute of Architects doggedly laid the foundations for establishing architecture as a profession. The organization brought standards of ethical conduct—professionalsim—to Americas planners and designers. As the AIA grew, it established standardized contracts and developed policies for the training and credentialing of architects. The AIA itself does not issue licenses nor is it a requirement to be a member of the AIA. The AIA is a professional organization—a community of architects led by architects. The newly formed AIA did not have funds to create a national architecture school but gave organizational support to new programs for architecture studies at established schools. The earliest architecture schools in the US included the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1868), Cornell (1871), the University of Illinois (1873), Columbia University (1881), and Tuskegee (1881). Today, over one hundred architecture school programs in the United States are accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB), which standardizes the education and training of US architects. NAAB is the only agency in the US that is authorized to accredit professional degree programs in architecture. Canada has a similar agency, the Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB). In 1897, Illinois was the first state in the US to adopt a licensing law for architects. Other states followed slowly over the next 50 years. Today, a professional license is required of all architects who practice in the US. Standards for licensing are regulated by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB). Medical doctors cannot practice medicine without a license and neither can architects. You wouldnt want an untrained and unlicensed doctor treating your medical condition, so you shouldnt want an untrained, unlicensed architect build that high rise office building in which you work. A licensed profession is a path toward a safer world. Learn More The Architects Handbook of Professional Practice by the American Institute of Architects, Wiley, 2013Architect? A Candid Guide to the Profession by Roger K. Lewis, MIT Press, 1998From Craft to Profession: The Practice of Architecture in Nineteenth-Century America by Mary N. Woods, University of California Press, 1999The Architect: Chapters in the History of the Profession by Spiro Kostof, Oxford University Press, 1977

Prevalence Of Diabetes Among The Americans - 1893 Words

Prevalence of Diabetes in Kuwait Today, Diabetes happens to be the most challenging medical disorder existing in the world, with an alarming rise in the number of individuals contracting and dealing with the same. Among the 10 countries worldwide, having the highest prevalence rate of Diabetes, Kuwait backs the ninth position. Kuwait has an alarming 23.3% of prevalence of Diabetes and that is estimated to rise in the next 10 years.1, 2 There are many contributing factors for the increasing prevalence of Diabetes among the natives of Kuwait like drastic epidemiological and cultural changes, sedentary life-style, unhealthy eating habits, ageing, over-weight and urbanization.2, 3 Studies reveal that the occurrence of Type-II Diabetes mellitus is also increasing among the younger individuals, mostly covering the ones below 30 years of age.4 It was also found that 73.4% of the people with Diabetes are below 60 years of age , i.e. in their productive years, especially in Arab regions including Kuwait, which may adversely affect the capabilities of individuals and the quality of life in the long-run.36 Also, the onset of Diabetes is characterized to be gradual, with around 30% of the patients presenting with complications at the time of diagnosis5 and an asymptomatic time period of 10 years in which the disease remains undetected.6, 7 Hence, Diabetes poses a huge burden over the economy as a consequence of loss of produ ctivity and cost of health treatments.36 The increasingShow MoreRelatedThe Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes among African-American Women394 Words   |  2 PagesTo the Editor Type 2 Diabetes prevalence among African-American women It has been an established fact that of all the minority groups, the African-Americans have or are predisposed to the most health risks. 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Importance of Healthcare Systems

Question: Explain how your newfound insight will influence your nursing care. Answer: Introduction A health care information system is a system that collects, stores and transmits information related to the health of patients and activities of organizations within the health sector. This includes district level routine information systems, laboratory information systems, disease surveillance systems, human resource management, and hospital management patient administration systems (Pai Huang, 2011, p. 655). In the health care system, sound decision making is important since lives of people depend on them. This decision making mostly depends on data collected and analyzed by the information systems. Therefore, they are very important in health care provision. This topic is therefore very important in understanding the importance of health-care systems in the management and running of the health-care sector. When studied in details, it can show how crucial they are and how they can be improved. Importance of Healthcare Systems As discussed in the introduction, health-care systems are very important in decision making in the health-care sector. The data collected is analyzed to give a clear picture of the status of the health care sector (Cleverley, Song, Cleverley, 2010, p. 2). If the health information system is efficient, it can provide a proper guide for resource allocation. Resources will only be allocated to areas and sectors that have an urgent need, which can be analyzed from the information system. Resources will only be allocated where they are required. This reduces wastages, and encourages efficient resource use. The collected data can be useful in improving the quality of the health-care sector: this includes service delivery and management of the sector. Health-care systems are very important in providing a good picture on the status of the sector. It provides a platform for identifying areas that are not good and need to be improved; without this platforms, it would be difficult to identify which areas need improvement (Quality Medicine, 1999, p. 10). The information systems can also be used to measure staffing needs in the health-care sector. Since data has been collected by the system, it can be used to analyze the need to increase or reduce staff members in different departments to enhance efficiency in service delivery. This also saves on expenditure on salary and wages, by only hiring the number of staff required and reducing over-staffing (Matcha, 2003, p. 159). All these advantages enhance the delivery of services in the health-care sector especially in nursing. Nurses collect data about their patients, and this data enables them to be able to track and follow-up on a patients progress towards recovery from an illness. Examples of health-care information systems One of the health-care information systems in nursing is the Electronic Health Record (EHR). It is used for enhancing patient safety, evaluating the quality of health-care services, measuring staffing needs, and maximizing efficiency. This system is very vital in the provision of health services (Amatayakul Lazarus, 2005, p. 1). This system enable nurses to record patients data and track their health records providing a means for individual service delivery for each of the patients. For each of the patients, data is collected and recorded, and their historical health record can be stored for future analysis and research (Amatayakul Lazarus, 2005, p. 3). However, nurses have indicated dissatisfaction with the system. They claim its design is cumbersome and the electronic system involved for collecting data is not user friendly. This means that in order for nurses to support the system it must be improved to be more user-friendly (Harrington Newman, 2011, p. 71). Another is North American Nursing Diagnostic Association (NANDA). This associations was founded in 1982, and its main functions are research, disseminating and refining the nomenclature, criteria and taxonomy of diagnoses (International, 2014, p. 3). This association is very important in the collection of nursing information and practices. It encourages research work on nursing and health-care, and disseminates this information to enhance nursing service provision. They communicate the nursing diagnosis and decisions to patients and other nurses. This dissemination of information about the nursing practices enhances service delivery (International, 2014, p. 3). Conclusion In conclusion, health-care information systems are very crucial in the health sector. They are the means by which health data is collected, analyzed and disseminating to various stakeholders. This information is very essential in the improvement of health-care services. With technological advances, health-care information systems are bound to become more efficient and improved, and this will have a positive impact in the health care sector. The new found insight into health-care information systems, will help me understand the importance of a data collection and sharing in the improvement of nursing care services. References Amatayakul, M. K., Lazarus, S. S. (2005). Electronic Health Records: Transforming Your Medical Practice. Medical Group Management Assn. Cleverley, W. O., Song, P. H., Cleverley, J. O. (2010). Essentials of Health Care Finance. Jones Bartlett Learning. Harrington, J., Newman, E. D. (2011). Great Health Care: Making It Happen. Springer Science Business Media. International, N. (2014). Nursing Diagnoses 2012-14: Definitions and Classification. John Wiley Sons. Matcha, D. A. (2003). Health Care Systems of the Developed World: How the United States System Remains an Outlier. Greenwood Publishing Group. Pai, F.-Y., Huang, K.-I. (2011). Applying the technology acceptance model to the introduction of healthcare information systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(4), 650660. Quality, T. N. R. on H. C., Medicine, I. of. (1999). Measuring the Quality of Health Care. National Academies Press.